The Spacecraft - Part F

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Chapter 4

    With regard to the complete helicopter units another consideration is necessary. The desired aerodynamic braking effect of the lower part of the main body requires that it must be exposed to a free air flow. The proximity of the helicopters would destroy such an effect. Moreover, the helicopters would be exposed to aerodynamic loads and temperatures that would make their design extremely difficult. In their working position the helicopters are therefore incompatible with the braking phase and must be removed for its duration. But even this seemingly very demanding requirement can be met with astonishing ease.  [p.39] 

    As we have seen, the helicopters are attached to the main body close to its maximum diameter. Therefore, they can be rotated upward with relative ease, so that they assume the position depicted in Fig. 11. This is what the spaceship looks like at its entry into the earth's atmosphere. (For the sake of clarity I have not shown, in Fig. 11, the helicopters in the middle plane.) From the point of view of aerodynamics the helicopters are behind the main body in this position, the braking potential of which is thus fully effective. The structural design of supports and mechanisms required to achieve this repositioning of the helicopters offers no basic difficulties.

Figure 11 The spacecraft at entry into the atmosphere

    This dual position of the helicopters has an interesting consequence concerning the control rockets. When the helicopters are down, that is, in their working position, one would be tempted to attach the control rockets to their outer side which is not facing the main body. But then, in the upper position, they would come quite close to the command capsule. When they operate in vacuum, the jet expands almost perpendicular to the axis of the nozzle, which could create a hazard for the command capsule. This alone could be reason enough to locate the control rockets on the opposite side. There is, however, one more important aspect that must be considered: The selected layout makes it possible to place the control rockets on the helicopters in such a way that they have, in both end positions of the helicopters, equal distance from the overall center of gravity of the spacecraft. That gives the commander the feeling of an unchanged "control response" when he fires these small nozzles, which is a considerable advantage from his point of view. The reversion of electrical signals, which is also necessary, can be made without much difficulty. The control rockets can of course also be operated while the helicopters are being repositioned.

    The layout selected for the control rockets thus allows the use of one and the same control system during all phases of the flight. The simplicity, safety, and efficiency of this solution are evident.  [p.41]